Objects are created in R by using two operators <- and =

R can be used as a simple calculator; it is sufficient to write the equation in the console as shown in the below figure

We can use operations we need like *, -, +, /

R can be used to create sequences as shown in below figure

It is possible that we can generate automatic series using the function “rep”, an example is shown below.


Vectors

Vectors are ordered collection of data of the same elementary type. We can have a vector of characters, boolean values or numbers. The below figure shows examples for vectors.

It is impossible that we can bind two vectors of different types like vector of characters and vector of numbers.

Data can be extracted from vectors one by one or in groups, the below figure shows examples of this process.

Manipulations

Some manipulation can be done as shown below

Matrix

Like the vectors, matrices can not contain different types of elements. For example, if the matrix contains numbers only; thus it can not contain characters at the same time.

However, the number of columns must not be equal to the number of rows. All rows must have the same length; also, the columns must have the same length. Matrices can be made using matrix() function. The below figure shows an example of matrix.

The argument data can be used to add data to matrix. byrow can take a TRUE value, this means that the data will be inserted to matrix row by row. In contrast, byrow can take FALSE value which mean that the data will be inserted column by column. The below examples shows the insertion process.

Data Frames

Data frames are like the matrices from the structure point of view. They contain rows and columns. Data frames differ from matrices by a principal point: the elements of row or a columns may be of different types. The below figure shows an example of data frames.